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Secondary education

Secondary education, or secondary school, is a period of education which
follows directly after primary education, and which may be followed by
tertiary education. One of the differences between primary and secondary
education is that in secondary education, the teachers usually have to be
certified by some higher authority (like a state) before they can teach.
Primary and secondary education together are sometimes referred to as "K-12"
education, especially in the United States.

The purpose of a secondary education can be to prepare for either higher
education or vocational training. It is referred to by various different
names in different countries, including high school in the United States and
Australia, gymnasium in Germany, Austria and Scandinavia, or middle school
in the Netherlands. It occurs mainly during the teenage years. The exact
boundary between primary and secondary education varies from country to
country, but is generally around the seventh to the ninth year of education.

High school

High school is the last segment of compulsory education in the United
States, Canada, China, Korea and Japan. It provides a secondary education.

In the United States, high school generally consists of grades 9, 10, 11 and
12, though this may vary slightly by school district. In some areas, high
school starts with tenth grade; a few American high schools still cover
grades 7 through 12. American students are allowed to leave high school at
age 16-18, depending on the state, or when they graduate or go on to college
or other education. This school-leaving age is usually in grade 10 or 11 if
the standard curriculum has been followed throughout life, without skipping
grades or being held back. Thus, the last two years of high school are not
compulsory, but most students complete high school and receive a diploma. A
high school diploma or G.E.D. is generally required for entrance into a
college or university, but many colleges accept a small number of students
after eleventh grade.

U.S. law mandates school attendance until graduation or age 16, but
enforcement of the truancy laws is sporadic. Conversely, students who have
failed a grade may remain in high school past the age of 18, if they have
not graduated on time.

In Canada, secondary schooling differs depending on what province one
resides in. Normally it follows the American pattern, however in Quebec, for
instance, high school lasts five years and is started earlier and finished
at a younger age than elsewhere in Canada. In Ontario high school students
used to have the option of attending a fifth year of high school, but OAC or
grade 13, as the fifth year was called, has now been phased out. In Quebec
most students follow high school by attending a cegep, which is comparable
to a junior college, and which is obligatory for Quebec students wishing to
go on to university in Quebec.

High school in Australia is the former name for secondary schools. The name
was officially changed to secondary college in the early 1990s, but to the
majority of the adult Australian population they are still "high schools".
The exact length of secondary school varies from state to state, but the
majority teach Years 7-12. It is compulsory to attend school until the age
of fifteen, but most students remain at school to complete their studies and
go on to college or university.

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